| Word | Full Definition | Full APA Reference (Book/Article Title Included) |
|---|---|---|
| Algospeak | The deliberate use of alternative or misspelled words and phrases on social media to evade automated content moderation algorithms and filters. | Lorenz, T. (2022, April 8). “It’s a minefield”: Internet “algospeak” is changing our language in real time. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/08/algospeak-tiktok-le-dollar-bean/ |
| Large language model (LLM) | A type of artificial intelligence (AI) model, based on a deep neural network architecture called a transformer, that is trained on a massive corpus of text data to understand, generate, and manipulate human language. | Brown, T. B., Mann, B., Ryder, N., Subbiah, M., Kaplan, J., Dhariwal, P., ... & Amodei, D. (2020). Language models are few-shot learners. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 33, 1877–1901. |
| Prompt engineer | A specialist who crafts and optimizes text-based instructions (prompts) to effectively guide and interact with generative AI systems, particularly large language models, to produce desired outputs. | Wiggers, K. (2022, October 14). The emerging job of “prompt engineer” — and why it’s needed. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2022/10/14/the-emerging-job-of-prompt-engineer-and-why-its-needed/ |
| Hallucinate (AI) | In the context of generative AI, the phenomenon where a model produces confident, plausible-sounding outputs that are factually incorrect, nonsensical, or not grounded in its training data or provided context. | Ji, Z., Lee, N., Frieske, R., Yu, T., Su, D., Xu, Y., ... & Fung, P. (2023). Survey of hallucination in natural language generation. ACM Computing Surveys, 55(12), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1145/3571730 |
| Digital Twin | A virtual, dynamic, and data-driven model or simulation of a physical object, system, or process that is connected to its real-world counterpart via sensors and data feeds, enabling analysis, monitoring, and prediction. | Grieves, M. (2014). Digital twin: Manufacturing excellence through virtual factory replication. White Paper, 1–7. |
| Enshittification | The process by which an online platform or service systematically degrades in quality for its end-users, typically by first offering value, then shifting value to business customers, and finally extracting value from all parties until the platform becomes a degraded shell. | Doctorow, C. (2023, January 21). Tiktok’s enshittification. Pluralistic. https://pluralistic.net/2023/01/21/potemkin-ai/ |
| Web3 | A vision for a new iteration of the World Wide Web, built upon decentralized technologies like blockchain, aiming to shift power from centralized corporations to users through token-based economics and self-sovereign identity. | Buterin, V. (2014). Ethereum white paper: A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform. https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/ |
| NFT (Non-Fungible Token) | A unique, non-interchangeable unit of data stored on a blockchain that certifies ownership and authenticity of a specific digital or physical asset. | Dowling, M. (2022). Is non-fungible token pricing driven by cryptocurrencies? Finance Research Letters, 44, 102097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.102097 |
| Deepfake | A synthetic media product (image, audio, or video) in which a person's likeness has been convincingly replaced with another's using artificial intelligence techniques, particularly generative adversarial networks (GANs). | Westerlund, M. (2019). The emergence of deepfake technology: A review. Technology Innovation Management Review, 9(11), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1282 |
| AI governance | The framework of policies, regulations, ethical guidelines, and technical standards designed to ensure the development and deployment of artificial intelligence systems is safe, fair, accountable, transparent, and aligned with human values. | Floridi, L., Cowls, J., Beltrametti, M., Chatila, R., Chazerand, P., Dignum, V., ... & Vayena, E. (2021). AI4People—An ethical framework for a good AI society: Opportunities, risks, principles, and recommendations. AI & Society, 36(4), 1275–1279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01330-w |
| Algorithmic bias | Systematic and repeatable errors in a computer system that create unfair outcomes, often privileging one group over others due to biased assumptions or skewed training data reflecting historical inequities. | O'Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of math destruction: How big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Crown Publishing Group. |
| Hyperloop | A proposed high-speed ground transportation system where pods travel through low-pressure tubes at speeds exceeding 700 mph (1100 km/h), propelled by magnetic acceleration. | Musk, E. (2013). Hyperloop alpha. SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/hyperloop_alpha.pdf |
| eVTOL (Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing) | An aircraft that uses electric power to hover, take off, and land vertically, designed for urban air mobility and short-range passenger transport. | Pradeep, P., & Wei, P. (2022). A review of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft for urban air mobility. Journal of Aircraft, 59(4), 857–875. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C036468 |
| Sciences |
| Word | Full Definition | Full APA Reference (Book/Article Title Included) |
|---|---|---|
| Algospeak | The deliberate use of alternative or misspelled words and phrases on social media to evade automated content moderation algorithms and filters. | Lorenz, T. (2022, April 8). 'It’s a minefield': Internet 'algospeak' is changing our language in real time. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/08/algospeak-tiktok-le-dollar-bean/ |
| Large language model (LLM) | A type of artificial intelligence (AI) model, based on a deep neural network architecture called a transformer, that is trained on a massive corpus of text data to understand, generate, and manipulate human language. | Brown, T. B., Mann, B., Ryder, N., Subbiah, M., Kaplan, J., Dhariwal, P., ... & Amodei, D. (2020). Language models are few-shot learners. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 33, 1877–1901. |
| Prompt engineer | A specialist who crafts and optimizes text-based instructions (prompts) to effectively guide and interact with generative AI systems, particularly large language models, to produce desired outputs. | Wiggers, K. (2022, October 14). The emerging job of 'prompt engineer' — and why it's needed. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2022/10/14/the-emerging-job-of-prompt-engineer-and-why-its-needed/ |
| Hallucinate (AI) | In the context of generative AI, the phenomenon where a model produces confident, plausible-sounding outputs that are factually incorrect, nonsensical, or not grounded in its training data or provided context. | Ji, Z., Lee, N., Frieske, R., Yu, T., Su, D., Xu, Y., ... & Fung, P. (2023). Survey of hallucination in natural language generation. ACM Computing Surveys, 55(12), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1145/3571730 |
| Digital twin | A virtual, dynamic, and data-driven model or simulation of a physical object, system, or process that is connected to its real-world counterpart via sensors and data feeds, enabling analysis, monitoring, and prediction. | Grieves, M. (2014). Digital twin: Manufacturing excellence through virtual factory replication. White Paper, 1-7. |
| Enshittification | The process by which an online platform or service systematically degrades in quality for its end-users, typically by first offering value, then shifting value to business customers (advertisers/sellers), and finally extracting value from all parties until the platform becomes a useless, "enshitted" shell. | Doctorow, C. (2023, January 21). Tiktok's enshittification. Pluralistic. https://pluralistic.net/2023/01/21/potemkin-ai/ |
| Web3 | A vision for a new iteration of the World Wide Web, built upon decentralized technologies like blockchain, which proponents argue would shift power from centralized corporations to users through concepts like token-based economics and self-sovereign identity. | Buterin, V. (2014). Ethereum white paper: A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform. https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/ |
| NFT (Non-Fungible Token) | A unique, non-interchangeable unit of data stored on a digital ledger (blockchain) that certifies ownership and authenticity of a specific digital or physical asset, such as artwork, music, or collectibles. | Dowling, M. (2022). Is non-fungible token pricing driven by cryptocurrencies? Finance Research Letters, 44, 102097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.102097 |
| Deepfake | A synthetic media product (image, audio, or video) in which a person's likeness has been convincingly replaced with another's using artificial intelligence techniques, particularly generative adversarial networks (GANs). | Westerlund, M. (2019). The emergence of deepfake technology: A review. Technology Innovation Management Review, 9(11), 39-52. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1282 |
| AI governance | The framework of policies, regulations, ethical guidelines, and technical standards designed to ensure the development and deployment of artificial intelligence systems is safe, fair, accountable, transparent, and aligned with human values. | Floridi, L., Cowls, J., Beltrametti, M., Chatila, R., Chazerand, P., Dignum, V., ... & Vayena, E. (2021). AI4People—An ethical framework for a good AI society: Opportunities, risks, principles, and recommendations. AI & SOCIETY, 36(4), 1275-1279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01330-w |
| Algorithmic bias | Systematic and repeatable errors in a computer system that create unfair outcomes, such as privileging one arbitrary group of users over others, often stemming from biased assumptions in the machine learning process or skewed training data that reflects historical and social inequities. | O'Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of math destruction: How big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Crown Publishing Group. |
| Hyperloop | A proposed high-speed ground transportation system for passengers and freight, where pods travel with minimal air resistance through a network of low-pressure tubes at speeds exceeding 700 mph (1100 km/h), propelled by magnetic acceleration. | Musk, E. (2013). Hyperloop alpha. SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/hyperloop_alpha.pdf |
| eVTOL (Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing) | An aircraft that uses electric power to hover, take off, and land vertically, designed for urban air mobility (UAM) and short-range passenger transport, often referred to as an "air taxi." | Pradeep, P., & Wei, P. (2022). A review of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft for urban air mobility. Journal of Aircraft, 59(4), 857-875. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C036468 |
| Word | Full Definition | Full APA Reference (Book/Article Title Included) |
| Net zero | Balancing emitted and removed greenhouse gases. | IPCC. (2018). Global warming of 1.5°C: Summary for policymakers. World Meteorological Organization. |
| Permacrisis | An extended period of instability. | Collins English Dictionary. (2022). Word of the year 2022: Permacrisis. Collins. |
| JWST | The James Webb Space Telescope. | NASA. (2021). James Webb Space Telescope launch press kit. NASA Communications. |
| Climate anxiety | Distress about climate change impacts. | Clayton, S., Manning, C., Krygsman, K., & Speiser, M. (2017). Mental health and our changing climate: Impacts, implications, and guidance. American Psychological Association. |
| Long COVID | Long-term effects of COVID-19. | Perego, E. (2020, May 20). The coining of 'long Covid'. Twitter. |
| CRISPR | A precise gene-editing technology. | Jinek, M., Chylinski, K., Fonfara, I., Hauer, M., Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2012). A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science, 337(6096). |
| mRNA | Messenger RNA, the basis for new vaccines. | Karikó, K., & Weissman, D. (2005). Suppression of RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors: The impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA. Immunity, 23(2). |
| Microbiome | Microorganisms in a specific environment. | Lederberg, J., & McCray, A. T. (2001). 'Ome Sweet 'Omics: A genealogical treasury of words. The Scientist, 15(7). |
| Caremongering | Spreading acts of kindness. | The Guardian. (2020, March 16). Caremongering: The group spreading kindness in a time of crisis. The Guardian. |
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